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Cell Transformation Detection Assay
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PRODUCT FAMILY INFORMATION
Cell Based Assays
Millipore offers a significant portfolio of well-published, quantitative and optimized live cell, whole-cell, and cell-based activity assays. Study Apoptosis, Angiogensis, Adhesion and more.
EMD Millipore offers a significant portfolio of well-published, quantitative and optimized live cell, whole-cell and cell-based activity assays that mimic native environments for direct and indirect detection of cellular response.
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Description:
Cell Transformation Detection Assay
Trade Name:
Chemicon (Millipore)
Qty/Pk:
1 kit
Product Overview:
CHEMICON®'s Cell Transformation Detection Assay is an anchorage-independent growth assay in soft agar, which is considered the most stringent assay for detecting malignant transformation of cells. For this assay, cells (pre-treated with carcinogens or carcinogen inhibitors) are cultured with appropriate controls in soft agar medium for 21-28 days. Following this incubation period, formed colonies can either be analyzed morphologically using our cell stain solution or quantified with the cell quantification solution.
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Applications:
The Cell Transformation Detection Assay is an anchorage-independent growth assay in soft agar, which is considered the most stringent assay for detecting malignant transformation of cells.
Application Notes:
Neoplastic cell transformation results from the accumulation of genetic mutations that permit uncontrolled proliferation and independence from normal homeostatic regulation. Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize and kill.
Carcinogenesis is a complex multistep, multifactorial process 1,2. Experimental carcinogenesis proceeds through at least three distinct stages, in which the first two phases can be used to verify whether the agent of interest acts as an initiator or a promoter. 'Initiation' is the first step and is considered to involve a genotoxic event in which the carcinogen interacts with target cells to affect DNA. This initiating mutation may give the initiated cell the growth advantage needed in the second stage of promotion. In contrast to its neighbors, the initiated cell can escape the cellular regulatory mechanisms. There are four types of initiators: 1) chemical carcinogens (e.g. MNNG, DMBA), 2) physical carcinogens (e.g. X-irradiation, ultraviolet B light), 3) viral agents (e.g. v-Ras) and 4) proto-oncogene activation/tumor suppressor gene loss. 'Promotion' is the second step and is associated with a number of subcellular events that are generally nongenotoxic and is responsible for the conversion or clonal expansion of initiated cells to a cancer. Tumor promoters could either be external or internal stimuli. Only initiated cells are stimulated to grow 3. However, tumor initiation and promotion together produce relatively benign growths. It is the third step, malignant conversion or progression, in which these growths become malignant. This process is generally slow and occurs over a long period of time. 'Malignant conversion', like initiation, requires genetic alteration. Here cellular growth is further deregulated thus proceeds uncontrolled. Progression is probably the most complex of the three stages, because both acquired genetic and phenotypic changes occur, and the cellular expansion is rapid. As the tumor progresses, sensitivity to dietary compounds, inhibitors of growth and enhancers of differentiation gradually disappear until the tumor becomes progressively more autonomous and controllable only by more drastic intervention 4.
Several procedures for evaluating the |